Abstract
Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) has been a popular research area in the last decade. The dependability of CPS is still a critical issue, and few surveys have been published in this domain. CPS is a dynamic complex system, which involves various multidisciplinary technologies. To avoid human errors and to simplify management, self-management CPS (SCPS) is a wise choice. To achieve dependable self-management, systematic solutions are necessary to verify the design and to guarantee the safety of self-adaptation decisions, as well as to maintain the health of SCPS. This survey first recalls the concepts of dependability, and proposes a generic environment-in-loop processing flow of self-management CPS, and then analyzes the error sources and challenges of self-management through the formal feedback flow. Focusing on reducing the complexity, we first survey the self-adaptive architecture approaches and applied dependability means, then we introduce a hybrid multi-role self-adaptive architecture, and discuss the supporting technologies for dependable self-management at the architecture level. Focus on dependable environment-centered adaptation, we investigate the verification and validation (V&V) methods for making safe self-adaptation decision and the solutions for processing decision dependably. For system-centered adaptation, the comprehensive self-healing methods are summarized. Finally, we analyze the missing pieces of the technology puzzle and the future directions. In this survey, the technical trends for dependable CPS design and maintenance are discussed, an all-in-one solution is proposed to integrate these technologies and build a dependable organic SCPS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive survey on dependable SCPS building and evaluation.
Highlights
The Cyber Physical System (CPS) concept was first proposed by the US National Science Foundation (NFS) in 2006
According to the goals of adaptation, the self-adaptation of self-management CPS (SCPS) can be classified into two types: one is environment-centered adaptation, whose target is the external systems; it is aimed at interacting with the changeable environment properly
CPS is a kind of closed-loop system with multi-actors, which include sensors, actuators, computing system, and communication networks, and even human beings [5,21], yet, few publications have discussed the influence of physical space/world on the cyber space in detail
Summary
The Cyber Physical System (CPS) concept was first proposed by the US National Science Foundation (NFS) in 2006. Massive challenges still need to be overcame to build an organic, dependable SCPS with these fragmented technologies [22,23] Among these challenges, guaranteeing the dependability of self-management is an urgent issue. Systematic solutions are necessary to develop a dependable self-management CPS (SCPS), which includes dependable and flexible architecture design, creatively integration of current technologies, and strictly dependability verification. According to the goals of adaptation, the self-adaptation of SCPS can be classified into two types: one is environment-centered adaptation (self-adaptation), whose target is the external systems (e.g., physical world and humans); it is aimed at interacting with the changeable environment properly Another is system-centered adaptation (self-healing), which is aimed at guaranteeing the dependability of the cyber space (e.g., the reliability of infrastructures and the availability/quality of services). “Self-management/self-management” is an integrated concept which includes “self-adaptation”, “self-healing” and more other concepts, such as self-protecting and self-optimization
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