Abstract
Sanguisorba, commonly known as burnet, is a genus in the family Rosaceae native to the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. Five of its thirty species are distributed in Korea: Sanguisorba officinalis, S. stipulata, S. hakusanensis, S. longifolia, and S. tenuifolia. S. officinalis has been designated as a medicinal remedy in the Chinese and Korean Herbal Pharmacopeias. Despite being a valuable medicinal resource, the morphological and genomic information, as well as the genetic characteristics of Sanguisorba, are still elusive. Therefore, we carried out the first comprehensive study on the floral micromorphology, palynology, and complete chloroplast (cp) genome of the Sanguisorba species. The outer sepal waxes and hypanthium characters showed diagnostic value, despite a similar floral micromorphology across different species. All the studied Sanguisorba pollen were small to medium, oblate to prolate-spheroidal, and their exine ornamentation was microechinate. The orbicules, which are possibly synapomorphic, were consistently absent in this genus. Additionally, the cp genomes of S. officinalis, S. stipulata, and S. hakusanensis have been completely sequenced. The comparative analysis of the reported Sanguisorba cp genomes revealed local divergence regions. The nucleotide diversity of trnH-psbA and rps2-rpoC2, referred to as hotspot regions, revealed the highest pi values in six Sanguisorba. The ndhG indicated positive selection pressures as a species-specific variation in S. filiformis. The S. stipulata and S. tenuifolia species had psbK genes at the selected pressures. We developed new DNA barcodes that distinguish the typical S. officinalis and S. officinalis var. longifolia, important herbal medicinal plants, from other similar Sanguisorba species with species-specific distinctive markers. The phylogenetic trees showed the positions of the reported Sanguisorba species; S. officinalis, S. tenuifolia, and S. stipulata showed the nearest genetic distance. The results of our comprehensive study on micromorphology, pollen chemistry, cp genome analysis, and the development of species identification markers can provide valuable information for future studies on S. officinalis, including those highlighting it as an important medicinal resource.
Highlights
The genus Sanguisorba L., commonly known as burnet, consists of 10–33 species that are widely distributed in the Northern hemisphere [1,2,3,4,5]
The gynoecium was unicarpellate with a disk-like structure and comprised a unilocular ovary surrounded by a perigynous hypanthium
The shape of the hypanthium was ellipsoid in S. hakusanensis (Figure 1I) and S. officinalis (Figure 1J), and globose in S. stipulata (Figure 1K) and S. tenuifolia (Figure 1L)
Summary
The genus Sanguisorba L. (subtribe Sanguisorbinae, tribe Sanguisorbeae, subfamily Rosoideae, family Rosaceae), commonly known as burnet, consists of 10–33 species that are widely distributed in the Northern hemisphere [1,2,3,4,5]. (subtribe Sanguisorbinae, tribe Sanguisorbeae, subfamily Rosoideae, family Rosaceae), commonly known as burnet, consists of 10–33 species that are widely distributed in the Northern hemisphere [1,2,3,4,5]. Members of this genus are perennial herbs, with odd-pinnate, stipulate leaves, and densely capitate or spicate inflorescences with tetramerous, apetalous, and penicillate stigmatic flowers and dry achene fruits [4,5,6,7,8]. It is necessary to conduct comprehensive studies and integrative taxonomy to gain deeper knowledge about their biological properties
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