A comprehensive study of large-scale structures in the GOODS-SOUTH field up to ${\mathsf z} \sim $ 2.5

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to identify and study the properties and galactic content of groups and clusters in the GOODS-South field up to z\sim2.5, and to analyse the physical properties of galaxies as a continuous function of environmental density up to high redshift. We use the deep (z850\sim26), multi-wavelength GOODS-MUSIC catalogue, which has a 15% of spectroscopic redshifts and accurate photometric redshifts for the remaining fraction. On these data, we apply a (2+1)D algorithm, previously developed by our group, that provides an adaptive estimate of the 3D density field. We support our analysis with simulations to evaluate the purity and the completeness of the cluster catalogue produced by our algorithm. We find several high density peaks embedded in larger structures in the redshift range 0.4-2.5. From the analysis of their physical properties (mass profile, M200, \sigmav, LX, U-B vs. B diagram), we derive that most of them are groups of galaxies, while two are poor clusters with masses of few times 10^14 Mo. For these two clusters we find, from the Chandra 2Ms data, an X-ray emission significantly lower than expected from their optical properties, suggesting that the two clusters are either not virialised or gas poor. We also analyse the dependance on environment of galaxy colours, luminosities, stellar masses, ages and star formations. We find that galaxies in high density regions are, on average, more luminous and massive than field galaxies up to z\sim 2. The fraction of red galaxies increases with luminosity and with density up to z\sim 1.2. At higher z this dependance on density disappears. The variation of galaxy properties as a function of redshift and density suggests that a significant change occurs at z\sim 1.5-2. (abridged)