Abstract
Natural products in the form of functional foods have become increasingly popular due to their protective effects against life-threatening diseases, low risk of adverse effects, affordability, and accessibility. Plant components such as phytosterol, in particular, have drawn a lot of press recently due to a link between their consumption and a modest incidence of global problems, such as Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In the management of diet-related metabolic diseases, such as T2DM and cardiovascular disorders, these plant-based functional foods and nutritional supplements have unquestionably led the market in terms of cost-effectiveness, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder categoriszed by high blood sugar and insulin resistance, which influence major metabolic organs, such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. These chronic hyperglycemia fallouts result in decreased glucose consumption by body cells, increased fat mobilisation from fat storage cells, and protein depletion in human tissues, keeping the tissues in a state of crisis. In addition, functional foods such as phytosterols improve the body’s healing process from these crises by promoting a proper physiological metabolism and cellular activities. They are plant-derived steroid molecules having structure and function similar to cholesterol, which is found in vegetables, grains, nuts, olive oil, wood pulp, legumes, cereals, and leaves, and are abundant in nature, along with phytosterol derivatives. The most copious phytosterols seen in the human diet are sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, which can be found in free form, as fatty acid/cinnamic acid esters or as glycosides processed by pancreatic enzymes. Accumulating evidence reveals that phytosterols and diets enriched with them can control glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin resistance. Despite this, few studies on the advantages of sterol control in diabetes care have been published. As a basis, the primary objective of this review is to convey extensive updated information on the possibility of managing diabetes and associated complications with sterol-rich foods in molecular aspects.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is becoming more common around the world
Diabetes mellitus and its accompanying disorders have become more prevalent all over the world, and they are connected to dietary patterns either directly or indirectly
Dietary plant sterols and stanols, which are included in our diet and functional foods, have long been recognised to limit intestinal cholesterol absorption, resulting in lower levels of LDL cholesterol
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is becoming more common around the world. Diabetes affects approximately 537 million adults (20–79 years) as of 2021. Some of the types found in plants are steryl glycosides, esterified or free fatty acids, and acylated glycosides [7] Plant membrane sterols, such as stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, and campesterol, in higher concentrations can help lower blood cholesterol levels and prevent metabolic disorders. 0.4% stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in the diet diabetes, a variety of malignancies, cardiovascular disorders, atherosclerosis, and skin Phytosterol implications, such as hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and hypoglycemic potential through experimental Treatment with β-sitosterol restored the altered levels of blood glucose, serum insulin, testosterone, lipid profile, oxidative stress indicators, antioxidant enzymes, insulin receptor (IR), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) proteins in a high-fat diet and sucrose-induced diabetic rats. Nuts may so increase the diet’s overall nutritious quality
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