Abstract
It is an already established fact that periodontal disease is principally caused by specific group of bacterial pathogens. The red complex of bacterial species plays an important role in periodontal disease progression. However, the 20th century marked an important turning point in the etiopathogenesis of periodontal disease. It was found that viruses can modify the host response as well as the pathogenesis by which bacteria affects the periodontium. This alteration in the pathogenesis of periodontopathic bacteria and the altered host immune response by the virus leads to periodontal disease progression. Over the years, various viruses have been associated with periodontal disease. In particular, the Herpesvirus species, human immunodeficiency virus and human papillomavirus has been widely researched. Moreover, the Epstein–Barr virus and human Cytomegalovirus co-exist in the subgingival environment along with the periodontal pathogens. The synergism among the bacteria and virus is a prime factor for severe periodontal breakdown. The present review article provides comprehensive information on the pathogenesis by which the viruses cause periodontal disease progression.
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