Abstract
Amniotic membrane (AM) is a biological tissue that surrounds the fetus in the mother’s womb. It has pluripotent cells, immune modulators, collagen, cytokines with anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effect, matrix proteins, and growth factors. In spite of the biological characteristics, some results have been released in preventing the adhesion on traumatized surfaces. Application of the AM as a scaffold is limited due to its low biomechanical resistance and rapid biodegradation. Therefore, for using the AM during surgery, its modification by different methods such as cross-linking of the membrane collagen is necessary, because the cross-linking is an effective way to reduce the rate of biodegradation of the biological materials. In addition, their cross-linking is likely an efficient way to increase the tensile properties of the material, so that they can be easily handled or sutured. In this regard, various methods related to cross-linking of the AM subsuming the composite materials, physical cross-linking, and chemical cross-linking with the glutraldehyde, carbodiimide, genipin, aluminum sulfate, etc. are reviewed along with its advantages and disadvantages in the current work.
Highlights
Different kinds of biomaterials have been applied in the purposeful manufacturing of three dimensionel (3D) scaffolds by numerous fabrication techniques
The results indicated that the viability of human retinal pigment epithelial cells for GTA cross-linked gelatin samples with glycine was significantly increased in comparison to equivalents without glycine treatment [130]
The Amniotic membrane (AM) as a biological tissue material with the low immunogenicity has been extensively adopted in the clinical practices and treatments for a variety of ocular surface diseases such as the thermal or chemical burns, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, pterygium, corneal ulcers and Stevens-Johnson’s syndrome
Summary
Different kinds of biomaterials have been applied in the purposeful manufacturing of three dimensionel (3D) scaffolds by numerous fabrication techniques. The biological properties, together with the physical and mechanical characteristics of a biomaterial scaffold, are very prominent, because they could conspicuously affect the growth and function of freshly formed tissue. The human amniotic membrane (HAM) has been used in different clinical applications, those related to the ocular surface renewal and wound managing. It contains unique biological and mechanical properties, which makes it favorable among other well-known scaffolding materials. The HAM is relatively thin, and it is sufficiently strong and elastic making it a proper biomaterial candidate for tissue engineering applications [26] Despite these properties, the HAM dissolve in the body progressively. In this review we will focus on crosslinking methods regarding the type IV collagen of the HAM that affect the mechanical properties which will end in increased durability of the collagenous materials
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