Abstract
Offshore platforms have had diverse applications in the marine industry, for example, oil or gas platforms can provide facilities to store the oil and gas before transport those to refineries. Offshore wind turbines are another well-known use of the offshore platform for generating power. As platforms encounter various strong forces from water and wind currents, the materials used for these structures are mainly steel or concrete. These platforms are classified into different types, according to the depth of water and their applications. In addition, offshore platforms, as artificial reefs may be used for decades at different marine conditions. Consequently, their design and maintenance are very important, otherwise, they can cause irreparable damage to the environment. This paper presents the latest and most significant design and monitoring methods, such as the optimal probabilistic seismic demand model, multi-objective optimization, dynamic response assessment, robust fault-tolerant control, etc., under different environmental and geographical conditions. Moreover, the effective factors on the life and failure of these offshore structures are comprehensively introduced to enhance awareness of them, which can be very helpful to improve the design and construction of more reliable and durable structures.
Highlights
Offshore platforms are large structures, and have drilling rigs for the exploration, extraction, storage, and processing of crude oil and natural gas from the seabed
Most offshore platforms are equipped with devices to better adapt to their surroundings, the most common ones are used for submarine activities, as well as those that can be used in lakes and in coastal waters
The Cook Inlet, Barent Sea, Caspian Sea, the Bohai Bay of China, etc., common places where surface freezing is possible in shallow parts, etc., areare common places where seasea surface freezing is possible in shallow parts, platform should be designed to consider the effects of ice or freezing loads
Summary
Offshore platforms are large structures, and have drilling rigs for the exploration, extraction, storage, and processing of crude oil and natural gas from the seabed. Types of offshore platforms have been designed and used, such as jack-up rigs, semisubmersible platforms, drillships, compliant towers, fixed platforms, normally unmanned installations, spar platforms, and tension-leg platforms The diversity of these structures is due to various factors, such as scientific and technical processes, economic factors, the need to use deeper natural reservoirs, and environmental constraints. In addition to the forces caused by waves and wind, corrosion is another very important and influential factor on the service life of these marine structures. The forces caused by explosions, storms, and earthquakes can be more than platform resistance expects and cause it to fail [7,8] Using various methods such as weight reduction, increasing hardness and strength, changing the use, and eliminating irregularities, it is possible to increase the strength of offshore platforms.
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