Abstract
Recent developments in the electricity sector encourage a high penetration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). In addition, European policies are pushing for mass deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs). Due to their non-controllable characteristics, these loads have brought new challenges in distribution networks, resulting in increased difficulty for Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to guarantee a safe and reliable operation of the grid. Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are promising solutions for mitigating the impact of the new loads and RES. In this paper, different aspects of the BESS's integration in distribution grids are reviewed. At first, the physical layer will be considered, focusing on the main battery technologies commercially available and on the power electronics converter. Secondly, the different functionalities that a grid-connected BESS can provide will be investigated, and then its sizing, location and control in distribution network will be discussed. In addition, an overview of actual BESSs installations is given. All in all, this paper aims at providing a comprehensive view of BESSs integration in distribution grids, highlighting the main focus, challenges, and research gaps for each one of these aspects.
Highlights
The existing electrical networks have been designed according to the old paradigm that foresees mainly large generation plants, connected at the transmission grids, providing most of the required energy
This paper has focused on the different aspects of the integration of energy storage systems in distribution networks
It has been shown that the storage system has the potential to strengthen and improve the electrical grid in several aspects
Summary
The existing electrical networks have been designed according to the old paradigm that foresees mainly large generation plants, connected at the transmission grids, providing most of the required energy. Many energy storage technologies have been developed, the focus of this work is on battery-based energy storage systems. Several energy storage technologies are presented in [12], [13], article [14] provides an economic analysis of storage technologies, whereas in [15] the possible grid applications are discussed. Presents a comparative analysis of efficiency and costs between the main circuit topologies Technical aspects such as BESS components, functionality, planning, control, and installations are generally studied and reviewed independently from each other.
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