Abstract
Power systems are complex systems that have great importance to socio-economic development due to the fact that the entire world relies on the electric network power supply for day-to-day life. Therefore, for the stable operation of power systems, several protection and control techniques are necessary. The power system controllers should have the ability to maintain power system stability. Three important quantities that should be effectively controlled to maintain the stability of power systems are frequency, rotor angle, and voltage. The voltage control in power systems maintains the voltage and reactive power within the required limits and the power factor control enhances the efficiency of power distribution systems by improving load power factors. Among various controls, the frequency control is the most time-consuming control mechanism of power systems due to the involvement of mechanical parts. As the control algorithms of frequency stabilization deliver control signals in the timescale of seconds, load frequency control (LFC) systems cannot handle complicated data validation algorithms, making them more vulnerable to disturbances and cyber-attacks. In addition, the LFC system has extended digital layers with open communication networks and is designed to operate with less human intervention. Moreover, the frequency fluctuation due to load change or cyber-attack in one area affects all other interconnected areas, and thus threatens the stability of the entire network. Due to these circumstances, research activities are still carried out in the field of frequency control and cyber-security. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the cyber-security of the LFC mechanism in the power system is presented. The highlights of the paper include the identification of attack points of different configurations of the LFC system, discussion of the attack strategies, formulation of various attack models, and a brief review of the existing detection and defense mechanisms against cyber-attacks on LFC.
Highlights
The field of power systems is continuously enhancing through the integration of modern generation schemes, the latest control techniques, advancement in data transmission through open communication networks, and development of security measures of communication network through smart systems
Internet of Things (IoT)-based wide-area control and monitoring techniques have been developed for smart power grids with intermittent distributed energy resources (DER), which can contribute to attack vulnerability [4,5,6,7]
Some of the inferences obtained from the review is that the vulnerability to cyber-attacks is higher for multi-area load frequency control (LFC) systems due to the increased number of attack points
Summary
The field of power systems is continuously enhancing through the integration of modern generation schemes, the latest control techniques, advancement in data transmission through open communication networks, and development of security measures of communication network through smart systems. The AGC of power systems allows controlling the permanent frequency deviation that can affect the power system operation and stability. It shares the power regulation burden among the interconnected power system or multi-area power system via tie-lines. LFC schemes ensure power system stability with reliable electric power of guaranteed quality and zero frequency deviations, it is prone to cyber-attacks from malicious adversaries.
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