Abstract
There has been an exponential rise in diabetes mellitus (DM) cases on a global scale. Diabetes affects almost every system of the body, and the nervous system is no exception. Although the brain is dependent on glucose, providing it with the energy required for optimal functionality, glucose also plays a key role in the regulation of oxidative stress, cell death, among others, which furthermore contribute to the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. The variety of biochemical processes engaged in this process is only matched by the multitude of clinical consequences resulting from it. The wide-ranging effects on the central and peripheral nervous system include, but are not limited to axonopathies, neurodegenerative diseases, neurovascular diseases, and general cognitive impairment.All language search was conducted on MEDLINE, COCHRANE, EMBASE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR till September 2021. The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) were used: “Diabetes Mellitus,” “CNS,” “Diabetic Neuropathy,” and “Insulin.” We explored the literature on diabetic neuropathy, covering its epidemiology, pathophysiology with the respective molecular pathways, clinical consequences with a special focus on the central nervous system and finally, measures to prevent and treat neuronal changes.Diabetes is slowly becoming an epidemic, rapidly increasing the clinical burden on account of its wide-ranging complications. This review focuses on the neuronal changes occurring in diabetes such as the impact of hyperglycemia on brain function and structure, its association with various neurological disorders, and a few diabetes-induced peripheral neuropathic changes. It is an attempt to summarize the relevant literature about neuronal consequences of DM as treatment options available today are mostly focused on achieving better glycemic control; further research on novel treatment options to prevent or delay the progression of neuronal changes is still needed.
Highlights
BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by inadequate control of blood glucose levels, mainly a chronic state of hyperglycemia, as well as frequent episodes of hypoglycemia, due to different pathogenic processes, which determine the classification of this disease largely as type 1 and type 2, but there are other specific types attributable to endocrinopathies, drugs, infections, immunologic, genetic, and pancreatic causes
The brain is dependent on glucose, providing it with the energy required for optimal functionality, glucose plays a key role in the regulation of oxidative stress, cell death, among others, which contribute to the pathophysiology of neurological disorders
The following search strings and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) were used: “Diabetes Mellitus,” “CNS,” “Diabetic Neuropathy,” and “Insulin.” We explored the literature on diabetic neuropathy, covering its epidemiology, pathophysiology with the respective molecular pathways, clinical consequences with a special focus on the central nervous system and measures to prevent and treat neuronal changes
Summary
Rudy Luna 1 , Ramya Talanki Manjunatha 2 , Bhaswanth Bollu 3 , Sharan Jhaveri 4 , Chaithanya Avanthika 5 , Nikhil Reddy 6 , Tias Saha 7 , Fenil Gandhi 8, 9. 1. Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia, CDMX, MEX 2. Graduate Medical Education, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, IND 3. Medicine and Surgery; Pediatrics, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, IND 6. Research Project Associate, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
