Abstract
Neural oscillations were established with their association with neurophysiological activities and the altered rhythmic patterns are believed to be linked directly to the progression of cognitive decline. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive technique to record such neuronal activity due to excellent temporal and fair amount of spatial resolution. Single channel, connectivity as well as brain network analysis using MEG data in resting state and task-based experiments were analyzed from existing literature. Single channel analysis studies reported a less complex, more regular and predictable oscillations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) primarily in the left parietal, temporal and occipital regions. Investigations on both functional connectivity (FC) and effective (EC) connectivity analysis demonstrated a loss of connectivity in AD compared to healthy control (HC) subjects found in higher frequency bands. It has been reported from multiplex network of MEG study in AD in the affected regions of hippocampus, posterior default mode network (DMN) and occipital areas, however, conclusions cannot be drawn due to limited availability of clinical literature. Potential utilization of high spatial resolution in MEG likely to provide information related to in-depth brain functioning and underlying factors responsible for changes in neuronal waves in AD. This review is a comprehensive report to investigate diagnostic biomarkers for AD may be identified by from MEG data. It is also important to note that MEG data can also be utilized for the same pursuit in combination with other imaging modalities.
Highlights
Magnetoencephalography is a non-invasive technique that measures oscillatory magnetic fields produced in the brain due to neuronal activity with excellent temporal and reasonable amount of spatial resolution (Cohen, 1968)
In-depth analysis of MEG application in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be useful to identify plausible biomarkers to detect the early stages of this disease
The neuropsychological studies involving Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) and functional assessment staging (FAST) results of AD patients have been related to slowing of brain oscillations and cognitive declined indicated by MEG (Fernández et al, 2006a, 2013)
Summary
Magnetoencephalography is a non-invasive technique that measures oscillatory magnetic fields produced in the brain due to neuronal activity with excellent temporal and reasonable amount of spatial resolution (Cohen, 1968). The exclusive sensor space time series MEG data (Figure 1C) distributed over all the brain regions, which is processed further for single channel analysis (Figure 1I) and for connectivity estimation (Figure 1J) is generated. Significant difference in δ band activity was reported for AD and HC groups from MEG data analysis (Fernández et al, 2013).
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