Abstract
Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices which have the potential of integrating high energy of lithium-ion batteries and high power and long cycling life of supercapacitors into one system. However, the current LICs could only provide high power density at the cost of low energy density due to the sluggish Li+ diffusion and/or low electrical conductivity of the anode materials. Moreover, the serious capacity and kinetics imbalances between anode and cathode result in not only inferior rate performance but also unsatisfactory cycling stability. Therefore, designing high-power and structure stable anode materials is of great significance for practical LICs. Under this circumstance, graphene-based materials have been intensively explored as anodes in LICs due to their unique structure and outstanding electrochemical properties and attractive achievements have been made. In this review, the recent progresses of graphene-based anode materials for LICs are systematically summarized. Their synthesis procedure, structure and electrochemical performance are discussed with a special focus on the role of graphene. Finally, the outlook and remaining challenges are presented with some constructive guidelines for future research.
Highlights
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs) are regarded as two of the most important commercial electrochemical energy storage systems to power the consumer electronics and electric vehicles [1,2,3]
lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have the features of high energy density, high working voltage and low self-discharge based on the Faradaic reactions, in which the Li+ reversibly intercalate/de-intercalate between the cathode and anode with electrons transferred in the external circuit [6]
The high energy density could only be achieved at the cost of low power density due to the sluggish kinetics of the anode materials, not to mention their low electrical conductivity
Summary
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors (SCs) are regarded as two of the most important commercial electrochemical energy storage systems to power the consumer electronics and electric vehicles [1,2,3]. Taking the capacitor-type cathode as an example, the low capacity of conventional ACs is the primary cause of the limited energy density for LICs [14] This could be mainly ascribed to the physical adsorption/desorption energy storage mechanism as well as the non-fully accessible surface area of the small and deep pores. A two-dimensional (2D) nanostructured carbon material, possesses many excellent properties such as high electrical conductivity, large SSA, tunable inter-layer distance, outstanding mechanical flexibility, excellent chemical stability and rich surface chemistry [37,38]. Benefiting from these excellent properties, graphene and its composites have already been successfully utilized in various energy storage devices, including.
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