Abstract
High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission is an economical option for transmitting a large amount of power over long distances. Initially, HVDC was developed using thyristor-based current source converters (CSC). With the development of semiconductor devices, a voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC system was introduced, and has been widely applied to integrate large-scale renewables and network interconnection. However, the VSC-based HVDC system is vulnerable to DC faults and its protection becomes ever more important with the fast growth in number of installations. In this paper, detailed characteristics of DC faults in the VSC-HVDC system are presented. The DC fault current has a large peak and steady values within a few milliseconds and thus high-speed fault detection and isolation methods are required in an HVDC grid. Therefore, development of the protection scheme for a multi-terminal VSC-based HVDC system is challenging. Various methods have been developed and this paper presents a comprehensive review of the different techniques for DC fault detection, location and isolation in both CSC and VSC-based HVDC transmission systems in two-terminal and multi-terminal network configurations.
Highlights
High voltage alternating current (HVAC) is widely used for short to medium distance power transmission but may not be applicable for long distance power transmission because of the high charging current of cable capacitance, high losses, absence of asynchronous operation, difficulty in control of power flow, the need for reactive power compensation and having issues of skin and Ferranti effects
5 Conclusions Multi-terminal (MT) voltage source converters (VSC)-based high voltage direct current (HVDC) systems have become increasingly popular in recent years
The development of a protection scheme for MT VSCHVDC systems is challenging since it is vulnerable to Direct Current (DC) faults because of the small reactor and large capacitor on the DC side
Summary
High voltage alternating current (HVAC) is widely used for short to medium distance power transmission but may not be applicable for long distance power transmission because of the high charging current of cable capacitance, high losses, absence of asynchronous operation, difficulty in control of power flow, the need for reactive power compensation and having issues of skin and Ferranti effects. HVDC systems were largely two-terminal pointto-point connections In such two-terminal configurations, power flow is interrupted if any fault occurs in a DC line. Detailed studies of the characteristics of DC faults in HVDC systems are presented in this paper It provides a comprehensive review of the different techniques which can detect, locate and isolate DC faults in CSC and VSC-based HVDC transmission lines in two-terminal and multi-terminal networks. It provides recommendations for future research on protection methods for DC faults in HVDC grids. The grid current feeding phase occurs via the antiparallel diode path in the VSC
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