A comprehensive review of carbons anode for potassium-ion battery: fast kinetic, structure stability and electrochemical

Abstract

The development of lithium-ions batteries (LIBs) is suffering from a huge challenge from insufficient lithium resources. Thus, it is vital to develop novel rechargeable devices as alternative energy storage technologies. Due to the abundant potassium resources and low redox potential, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) attract more and more attention. In particularly, carbon materials with low cost, high conductivity and nontoxic are regarded as one of the most promising anode materials. However, the sluggish kinetics of potassium-ions insertion/extraction and the architecture instability of the electrode materials are hindering practical applications for large-scale storage energy. Based on this, this review analyzes the factors that affect rapid dynamics and structural stability, such as interlayer distance, defects, specific surface area and engineering structure, etc. Recent progresses on enhancing fast kinetics and structure stability are presented. The corresponding electrochemical properties of different types of carbon materials (graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon and graphene) are discussed. More importantly, the critical issues, challenges and perspectives of PIBs are also analyzed.