A Comprehensive Review of Breast Cancer: Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Gender Disparities

Abstract

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, with significant variations in prevalence, diagnosis, and outcomes across different regions and genders. This comprehensive review examines the global and regional epidemiology of breast cancer, highlighting the increasing incidence driven by demographic changes, lifestyle factors, and urbanization. It explores the impact of gender on breast cancer, noting unique challenges faced by men and women, including diagnostic delays and treatment disparities. The review delves into the risk factors associated with breast cancer, such as genetic mutations, hormonal influences, and lifestyle choices, and discusses advancements in diagnostic technologies, including mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and emerging tools like liquid biopsies and AI-based imaging. Treatment options are analyzed, focusing on personalized medicine, targeted therapies, and the challenges of therapy resistance and recurrence. Preventive strategies, including lifestyle modifications, prophylactic surgeries, and chemoprevention, are reviewed alongside public health initiatives aimed at increasing awareness and screening. The psychosocial impact of breast cancer on patients and their families is also addressed, emphasizing the need for supportive care, patient advocacy, and integrative approaches to improve quality of life. The review concludes with recommendations for future research, policy initiatives, and strategies to address gender disparities and enhance breast cancer care globally. Keywords: Breast Cancer, Epidemiology, Gender Disparities, Risk Factors, Diagnosis