A Comprehensive Review of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract

A significant sign of coronary artery disease is the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Angina pectoris, ST-elevation myocardial infarction, and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are just a few of the conditions that are grouped together under the general term “ACS.” The main cause of death worldwide is cardiovascular disease, which puts ACS under a heavy financial strain. Reduced blood flow to the heart, primarily as a result of plaque rupture and thrombus development, is a pathogenesis of ACS. Numerous risk factors, both modifiable (such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and inactivity) and non-modifiable (like age, gender, and inheritance), can lead to the development of ACS. Electrocardiography (ECG), clinical evaluation, history-taking, and cardiac biomarkers are all used in the diagnosis process. For the best management, prompt diagnosis and risk classification are essential. Reperfusion therapy, anti-anginal therapy, and renin-angiotensin blocking are a few of the suggested procedures in treatment techniques that aim to minimise myocardial ischemia and restore coronary blood flow. Long-term management also strongly depends on modifying one’s lifestyle, including giving up smoking, eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and obtaining rehabilitation. Acute cardiac failure, ventricular septum or papillary muscle rupture, arrhythmias, recurrent angina, and other consequences of ACS are also highlighted in the paper. The prognosis varies depending on variables, including persistent myocardial injury and the existence of ventricular arrhythmias; an unfavourable prognosis is frequently related to arrhythmias and is associated with poor left ventricular function. . This article offers a thorough review of ACS and gives readers important information about its pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis.