A Comprehensive Overview on the Production of Vaccines in Plant-Based Expression Systems and the Scope of Plant Biotechnology to Combat against SARS-CoV-2 Virus Pandemics.

D. S. Kishor,Bhupendra M. Mistry,Gajanan Ghodake,Nisha Kumari,Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale,Shashi Kant Bhatia,Xueshi Du,Sang-Min Chung,Hemasundar Alavilli,Nishant Thakur,Manu Kumar

doi:10.3390/plants10061213

Abstract

Many pathogenic viral pandemics have caused threats to global health; the COVID-19 pandemic is the latest. Its transmission is growing exponentially all around the globe, putting constraints on the health system worldwide. A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes this pandemic. Many candidate vaccines are available at this time for COVID-19, and there is a massive international race underway to procure as many vaccines as possible for each country. However, due to heavy global demand, there are strains in global vaccine production. The use of a plant biotechnology-based expression system for vaccine production also represents one part of this international effort, which is to develop plant-based heterologous expression systems, virus-like particles (VLPs)-vaccines, antiviral drugs, and a rapid supply of antigen-antibodies for detecting kits and plant origin bioactive compounds that boost the immunity and provide tolerance to fight against the virus infection. This review will look at the plant biotechnology platform that can provide the best fight against this global pandemic.

Highlights

Their risks include (1) Oral tolerance; if the antigen is delivered too frequently, the mucosal immune system becomes desensitized to the candidate vaccine, and the vaccination might no longer tackle susceptibility to the target disease
(2) Allergenicity; compared to the natural pathogen in plants, a transgenic product might be undergone by different post-translational modifications, which might induce new allergenic responses in the host during vaccination
(3) Gene transfer; transfer of the antigen to the conventional food supply through genetic engineering could lead to oral tolerance

Summary

A Comprehensive Overview on the Production of Vaccines in

Manu Kumar 1 , Nisha Kumari 2 , Nishant Thakur 3 , Shashi Kant Bhatia 4 , Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale 5 , Gajanan Ghodake 6 , Bhupendra M. Mistry 5 , Hemasundar Alavilli 7 , D. S. Kishor 1 , Xueshi Du 1 and Sang-Min Chung 1, *.

Introduction

Candidate Vaccine for COVID-19

Schedule

Promising Adjuvants Used for the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines

Plant Biotechnology-Based Vaccines and Bio-Farming?

Limitations

The Present Situation of Vaccines Produced by Plant Biotechnology That Target

Findings

Concluding Remarks and Future Direction