A comprehensive overview of drug delivery systems

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Background: Drug delivery systems (DDS) are critical in enhancing the efficacy and safety of therapeutic agents by controlling their release rate, timing, and location. This comprehensive review covers various DDS mechanisms, innovations, and future directions. Aim: The aim of this article is to provide an in-depth overview of the different drug delivery routes, mechanisms, and technologies. It highlights advancements and future prospects in DDS to improve patient outcomes and treatment efficacy. Methods: The review synthesizes information from recent advancements and innovations in DDS. It evaluates various drug delivery routes including oral, parenteral, transdermal, transmucosal, pulmonary, and localized methods, as well as emerging technologies such as nanotechnology and advanced drug carriers. Results: Key findings indicate significant progress in DDS technologies. Oral drug delivery continues to face challenges such as variable absorption and first-pass metabolism, while parenteral methods offer rapid onset but suffer from patient discomfort. Transdermal and transmucosal systems show promise for improving drug efficacy and patient compliance. Pulmonary drug delivery has advanced with the development of new formulations and devices, and localized delivery methods are improving targeted treatment for cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Innovations such as nanotechnology and engineered bacteria are emerging as transformative solutions for more effective drug delivery.