A comprehensive network pharmacology study of <i>Nelumbinis semen</i> (Lotus Seeds) phytochemicals for Atherosclerosis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Cardiovascular death remains the top causes of death, and one of the main risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases are Atherosclerosis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The associated conspiracy was high because of the failure of the complete regulatory network rather than a single gene or protein malfunction, so one-target one drug fails for complete eradication of the disease. Natural compounds had the potency to act upon various targets to elucidate complete therapeutic effects. In traditional medicines, <i>Nelumbinis semen</i> or lotus seeds were used in treating multiple diseases and as a functional food. In the world of drug discovery, the idea of creating multi-target medications against complicated conditions is gaining momentum. To understand the mechanism emphasized by the therapeutic effect of Nelumbinis semen or lotus seeds, which act upon various targets and elucidate cumulative activity in Atherosclerosis and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. The bioactive components and their targets were obtained, and common targets associated with atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus were taken. The network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.9.1 software. The protein-protein interaction was analysed using the STRING database. Gene and pathway enrichment was performed using ShinyGo 0.77 software. The pathway associated with the diseases and no of genes involved were studied. The active compounds of the lotus seed are Myricetin, Quercetin, Isofucosterol, Rhamnetin, Myristic acid, etc. The main and active targets for lotus seeds were PPARα, INSR, HMGCR and NCp1L1. The key biological pathways by which the compound elucidates therapeutic effects are Diabetic cardiomyopathy and Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis.