A comprehensive methodology for reservoir cut-off determination

Abstract

The main objective of net pay determination, as an important step of any reservoir study, is to exclude non-reservoir intervals so that better results are obtained from reservoir characterization, hydrocarbon in-place calculations, and dynamic flow simulation of the reservoir. This study is a comprehensive presentation of the most applicable methods available for net pay determination, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and their input data, and presenting a new procedure to prepare the input data, determine the reservoir net pay, and validate the final results. These methods include conventional best-fit line and quadrant methods in a porosity–permeability cross-plot, Worthington method, rules of thumb, cumulative hydrocarbon column plot, and production constraints. This study, unlike previous ones, presents a stepwise methodology to reach the correct answer considering both rock and fluid properties. The necessity for the definition of net pay is discussed in the current study in the first step. Determination of net pay and the net-to-gross ratio is done by definition of some cut-off values for petrophysical properties such as porosity, water saturation, and shale volume. The new procedure presented in this study as a flowchart to determine pay zone uses different methods to determine cut-off values. The sequential and systematic use of all these methods gives a consistent and more reliable answer. The key steps to determine net pay is to find the porosity cut-off based on a porosity–permeability cross-plot and a pre-defined limiting value for permeability and then to use this value to find the shale volume and water saturation cut-offs using their cross-plots versus porosity. To take into account the fluid properties effect, a mobility cut-off is used as the starting point instead of permeability. Cumulative hydrocarbon column plots are used as a sensitivity tool to determine what percentage of the hydrocarbons will be discarded by any cut-off value. Finally, the determined net pay should be validated using the results of production logging and wireline formation tests. The proposed methodology was applied to a real field to determine its net pay. Porosity and water saturation cut-offs were calculated to be 2% and 55%, respectively, and due to the clean nature of the reservoir, a shale volume cut-off was not necessary. Simultaneous application of porosity and water saturation cut-offs discarded 6.3% of the hydrocarbon column for the field example.