A comprehensive look at solid-phase microextraction technique: A review of reviews

Abstract

Sample preparation is an important step when working with extremely low concentrations of analytes and complex matrices. Conventional extraction methods consume large amounts of hazardous solvents, and for this reason are not in line with green analytical chemistry. In addition, these methods are unable determine trace levels of various compounds due to their low sensitivities. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is a solvent-free, cost-effective, robust, versatile, and high-throughput sample preparation technique. It integrates all steps of extraction, such as sampling, isolation, and analysis, into a single step. In recent years, the combination of SPME and sensitive analysis instruments has proven highly efficient for the sampling and analysis of numerous compounds. Over time, many review articles have been written, focusing on advantages, applications, and developments of the technique, from basic procedures to more advanced modifications. This paper summarizes review articles pertaining to SPME, along with its different aspects and areas of application.