Abstract
The substantial elevation in atmospheric greenhouse gas levels is a consequence of human activities, resulting in a 1.1°C elevation in surface temperature as the worldwide average. The detrimental outcomes of this temperature rise encompass severe weather events, deterioration in food, water, and air quality, alongside an escalation in vector-borne infectious diseases and/or transmission risks. The mitigation and adaptation to climate change are pivotal factors for the survival of humanity in the midst of this existential crisis. Climate change exerts notable effects on maternal, fetal, and neonatal health, with women experiencing more adverse impacts compared to men. Pregnant women may face conditions such as hypertensive disorders like preeclampsia and eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), variations in pregnancy duration, and mental health disorders. Fetal and newborn health can be affected, leading to results like preterm birth (<37 weeks of gestation), low birth weight (<2500 grams), congenital anomalies (including atrial septum issues), early membrane rupture (EMR), underdeveloped immune systems, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and neonatal death. Effective interventions aimed at reducing heat-related risks should include health education on heat and heat increase risks for caregivers - other than parents - and clinicians responsible for childcare. Additionally, there is a need for improvements in cooling systems in healthcare facilities, fair enhancements in housing quality, and food systems. Focus should also be placed on nutrition and lifestyle counseling. Despite the growing attention to the influence of climate on human health, the risks associated with heat and other factors associated with climate for women, pregnant individuals, newborns, infants, and children are not sufficiently addressed. This review seeks to investigate the effects of climate change on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes related to health based on existing literature.
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