Abstract
Rapid economic expansion and urbanisation have seriously affected the atmospheric environmental quality of the Central Liaoning Urban Agglomeration (CLUA). This study aimed to establish a detailed vehicle emission inventory of the CLUA with a 3 km × 3 km gridded spatiotemporal distribution. A top-down methodology using vehicle kilometres travelled annually, emission factors, and activity data of each city was established. Carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM10), Black Carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) emissions were 291.0, 221.8, 3.6, 2.2, 42.8, 9.3, 10.3, 5.2, and 1.6 Gg in 2018, respectively. The contribution of diesel heavy-duty trucks to NOx, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, BC, and OC emissions was greater than 54.5%, the largest contribution of all vehicles. Gasoline small passenger vehicles were the primary contributor to CO, VOC, and NH3 emissions, contributing 37.3%, 39.5%, and 75.3% of total emissions, respectively. For emission standards, Pre-China 1 vehicles were the largest contributor to CO and VOC emissions and China 3 vehicles contributed the largest amount of NOx, SO2, PM2.5, PM10, BC, and OC emissions. The spatial distribution of pollutants showed “obvious lines” and grids with high emissions were concentrated in expressways, national highways, and provincial highways. The temporal variation showed morning–evening peaks during diurnal variations, which was consistent with resident behaviour. This work can help us understand vehicular emission characteristics of the CLUA and provide basic data for air quality modelling. Future research should investigate traffic flow by vehicle types and emission factors at a local level, which will be helpful for transport management planning.
Highlights
Based on the activity level data of the Central Liaoning Urban Agglomeration (CLUA) region, vehicles were divided according to fuel and vehicle types and emission standards (Table 2)
Gasoline vehicles accounted for 86.6% of the total number of vehicles in the CLUA region, of which SPVs were the main type, accounting for 87.2%
The analysis of the contributions from different vehicle types showed that diesel HDTs were the major source of nitrogen oxides (NOx), SO2, PM2.5, PM10, Black Carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) emissions, with gasoline SPVs being the dominant contributor to Carbon monoxide (CO), NH3, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions
Summary
With rapid economic development and urbanisation during the past four decades in China, vehicle ownership and population have increased sharply from 1.35 million in 1978 to 232.31 million in 2018 [1]. Vehicles contribute significantly to air pollutant emissions in. China’s megacities and are a vital cause of fine particulate matter and photochemical smog pollution [2]. Transportation emissions accounted for 6.7% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China in 2014 [2]. The national total GHG emissions are expected to continue to grow as vehicle ownership increases. Pollutants from vehicle emissions will directly endanger public health [3,4]
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