Abstract
There are surplus applications in modern smart cities where localization of indoor environments is critical ranging from surveillance and trailing in smart structures to the localized wireless distribution of advertising content in shopping malls. These applications are only successful if a robust and cost-effective real-time system is developed for precise localization. Another aspect considered for indoor localization is power consumption. Recent wireless standards such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and LoRa consume less power which makes them a perfect candidate for indoor localization. This work aims to carry out an experimental evaluation which would help to decide which wireless standard i.e., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), and LoRa are most suitable for indoor localization. Experiments are carried out using trilateration in three multiple environments. RSSI is used to calculate the coordinates of a sensor node. Results obtained from the experiment show that Wi-Fi is most accurate with an average error of 0.54 m. LoRa is second most accurate with an average error of 0.62 m and BLE is the least accurate with an average error of 0.82 m. These results can be used to decide which wireless standard is best suited for indoor localization.
Highlights
Nowadays Internet of Things (IoT) are using cheaper, low energy devices such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) which are being used to communicate with the IoT and provide much-needed information for the users to control the overall physical world which seemed impossible in the past [1], [2]
Different techniques in IoT are used for location awareness of the sensor nodes especially in an indoor environment where it is difficult to track the position of the node
The results suggest that BLE has outperformed Wi-Fi in indoor localization and is 27 percent more accurate
Summary
Nowadays Internet of Things (IoT) are using cheaper, low energy devices such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) which are being used to communicate with the IoT and provide much-needed information for the users to control the overall physical world which seemed impossible in the past [1], [2]. Different techniques in IoT are used for location awareness of the sensor nodes especially in an indoor environment where it is difficult to track the position of the node. In order to successfully utilize the resources it is important to determine the location [3]–[5] For this purpose, a technique called indoor localization is used. Notable applications for indoor localization include guiding the people in a It can be used for tracking of patients in a hospital [6], [7]. Localization can be classified as range-based or rangefree based Most popular algorithms such as Time of Arrival (ToA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA), Angle of Arrival (AoA), Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) are categorized under range-based algorithms. RSSI measures the signal strength of the transmitted data on the receiver
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