Abstract
We compared the effects of oral administration of high-dose or low-dose glutamine dipeptide (GDP), alanine (ALA), glutamine (GLN), and ALA + GLN on the blood availability of amino acids in rats submitted to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH). Insulin detemir (1 U/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to produce IIH; this was followed by oral administration of GDP, GLN + ALA, GLN, or ALA. We observed higher blood levels of GLN, 30 min after oral administration of high-dose GDP (1000 mg/kg) than after administration of ALA (381 mg/kg) + GLN (619 mg/kg), GLN (619 mg/kg), or ALA (381 mg/kg). However, we did not observe the same differences after oral administration of low-dose GDP (100 mg/kg) compared with ALA (38.1 mg/kg) + GLN (61.9 mg/kg), GLN (61.9 mg/kg), or ALA (38.1 mg/kg). We also observed less liver catabolism of GDP compared to ALA and GLN. In conclusion, high-dose GDP promoted higher blood levels of GLN than oral ALA + GLN, GLN, or ALA. Moreover, the lower levels of liver catabolism of GDP, compared to ALA or GLN, contributed to the superior performance of high-dose GDP in terms of blood availability of GLN.
Highlights
The amino acid glutamine (GLN) is involved in many processes that are vital to cell function [1]
Approximately 50% of orally administered GLN is extracted by the splanchnic bed in healthy humans [10]. This limitation can be overcome with the use of synthetic, stable, highly soluble glutamine dipeptide (GDP), a dipeptide composed of alanine (ALA) and GLN [11,12]
After 30 min, insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH) rats that received oral GDP (1000 mg mg/kg) showed higher (p < 0.05) blood levels of GLN compared to GLN (619 mg/kg) + ALA (381 mg/kg), GLN (619 mg/kg) or ALA (381 mg/kg)
Summary
The amino acid glutamine (GLN) is involved in many processes that are vital to cell function [1]. Oral GLN supplementation offers potential benefits, its low solubility and stability in aqueous solutions limits its blood availability [9]. Approximately 50% of orally administered GLN is extracted by the splanchnic bed in healthy humans [10]. This limitation can be overcome with the use of synthetic, stable, highly soluble glutamine dipeptide (GDP), a dipeptide composed of alanine (ALA) and GLN [11,12]. GDP, GLN plus ALA, GLN, or ALA on the blood availability of amino acids in hypoglycemic rats
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