A Comparison of the Ability of DMXAA and Xanthenone Analogues to Activate NF-κB in Murine and Human Cell Lines

Abstract

DMXAA (5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid), the most potent of a series of xanthenone (XAA) analogues developed in this laboratory, is currently undergoing combination clinical trials as an antivascular agent for cancer treatment. XAAs have a complex mode of action, and in vitro assays that are predictive of in vivo antitumor activity have been difficult to develop. In this study, we have utilized a series including XAA, DMXAA, and mono-substituted XAA derivatives to determine firstly whether in vitro NF-kappaB activation of mouse cell lines predicts for the in vivo antitumor potential of this class of agents, and secondly whether the relative activity of these analogues is similar in murine and human cell lines. Electromobility shift assays were used to measure NF-kappaB activation in murine HECPP endothelial and 70Z/3 pre-B cells, and in human HPLNEC.B3 endothelial and Raji B-lymphoma cells. A significant correlation was obtained between NF-kappaB activation in HECPP cells by a series of XAA analogues at 100 microg/ml (r = 0.78, p = 0.008) and at 300 microg/ml (r = 0.75, p = 0.01) and the amount of hemorrhagic necrosis induced in Colon 38 tumors. Different structure-activity relationships were observed in human and murine cell lines. 8-MeXAA, which was inactive in HECPP and 70Z/3 murine cell lines, showed similar NF-kappaB activation to DMXAA in human HPLNEC.B3 cells and Raji B-lymphoma cells. These results suggest that the receptor protein(s) in human cells that mediate the human response may have a lower stringency to that for murine cells. We also noted differences in the dose-response relationships for NF-kappaB activation between lymphoid and endothelial lines that were species independent. With increasing concentrations of DMXAA, NF-kappaB activation in both murine and human lymphoid lines showed a reproducible fluctuation, while in endothelial lines, the intensity of NF-kappaB activation was relatively constant above a threshold concentration. The results demonstrate interspecies differences in the NF-kappaB response to XAA analogues, and may also reflect the complex nature of NF-kappaB regulation.