A comparison of spoken and signed lingua franca communication: the case of English as a lingua franca (ELF) and International Sign (IS)

Lisa Bierbaumer

doi:10.1515/jelf-2021-2058

Abstract

AbstractThis article explores similarities between English as a lingua franca (ELF) and International Sign (IS), two lingua franca phenomena which in the last decades have been subject to increasing, albeit independent, linguistic research. In contrast to spoken intercultural communication, in which English often represents a shared resource that speakers from different linguacultural backgrounds draw on, in the visual-gestural modality no specific sign language has yet gained such global reach. Instead, in many international contexts IS is used: a lingua franca that can be more or less conventionalized and that is not based on one particular sign language. IS use depends on the communicative situation, in which signers flexibly and creatively use different signs from natural sign languages as well as iconic elements and gestures. Despite overt formal differences between ELF and IS, when focusing on the actual communication process, rather than the forms that result from it, the two lingua franca phenomena share many similarities. In fact, both ELF and IS are variable communicative means that get situationally adapted by speakers and signers on the basis of different resources they have at their disposal. Similar discussions about the difficulty of conceptualizing ELF and IS, about the role of multilingual resources, and about interaction processes at play can thus be found in both ELF and IS literature. This insight opens up new possibilities for researchers in the two fields to mutually benefit from the study of lingua franca communication in the other modality, which prompts the need for a cross-modal collaboration between ELF and IS researchers.

Highlights

This article explores similarities between English as a lingua franca (ELF) and International Sign (IS), two lingua franca phenomena which in the last decades have been subject to increasing, albeit independent, linguistic research
Bierbaumer of conceptualizing ELF and IS, about the role of multilingual resources, and about interaction processes at play can be found in both ELF and IS literature. This insight opens up new possibilities for researchers in the two fields to mutually benefit from the study of lingua franca communication in the other modality, which prompts the need for a cross-modal collaboration between ELF and IS researchers
The results revealed that most of the respondents objected to the Bierbaumer signed lingua franca being considered a language, given that, as one respondent noted, IS “is a hybrid code that is improvised in particular times and places, between particular participants

Summary

Introduction: two lingua franca phenomena under investigation

When people from different linguacultural backgrounds communicate, they do so by use of an auxiliary linguistic means, a so-called ‘lingua franca’ (Samarin 1987: 371). It can be said that well-established linguistic categories to describe language are not suitable to account for the lingua franca phenomena we can currently witness on a global scale: IS and ELF are not languages, pidgins or varieties; they are global lingua francas that emerge, are shaped and used for communicative purposes by signers and speakers from different linguacultural backgrounds. This leads to another aspect that has been discussed in both ELF and IS research: the fact that lingua franca communication unfolds through the exploitation of all kinds of linguistic resources speakers and signers have at their disposal

An interplay of different linguistic resources

From transient to stable groups

The establishment of in-group norms and conventions

Conclusion: towards a cross-modal collaboration