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Abstract
Four different domestic heating boilers and four types of fuel (lignite, wet wood, wood pellets and mixed fuel) were tested, and the emissions of the particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were correlated. Dekati low-pressure impactor (DLPI, Dekati) sorting of the PM fractions into PM0.1, PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 was used to determine the emission factors of the PAHs in a dilution tunnel via isokinetic sampling and was compared with a cyclone (Tecora). The 4 PAHs were mostly detected on the fine particles of PM1 in the DLPI and on the fine particles of PM2.5 in the cyclone, and in some cases, they were mainly detected in polyurethane foam (PUF) used for the collection of the gas phase placed behind the DLPI and cyclone. The effectiveness of DLPI sampling was generally comparable or lower than the cyclone sampling of the range 0.01–1.33 mg kg–1.
Highlights
Residential stationary sources, including fireplaces, stoves, cookers, masonry heaters and small boilers with nominal outputs below 50 kW are one of the major sources of emissions; in particular, they accounted for 68.3% of the benzo[a]pyrene and 51.8% of the total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions (the sum of 4 PAHs according to EMEP/EEA Guidebook (Kubica, 2007; EEA, 2016))
The 4 PAHs were mostly detected on the fine particles of PM1 in the Dekati Low-Pressure Impactor (DLPI) and on the fine particles of PM2.5 in the cyclone, and in some cases, they were mainly detected in polyurethane foam (PUF) used for the collection of the gas phase placed behind the DLPI and cyclone
The time coverage via DLPI sampling that was higher than 50% of the time coverage via cyclone was considered for further discussion (Table S4)
Summary
Residential stationary sources, including fireplaces, stoves, cookers, masonry heaters and small boilers with nominal outputs below 50 kW are one of the major sources of emissions; in particular, they accounted for 68.3% of the benzo[a]pyrene and 51.8% of the total PAH emissions (the sum of 4 PAHs according to EMEP/EEA Guidebook (Kubica, 2007; EEA, 2016)). PAHs are formed during the incomplete combustion of organic materials at high temperature. These PAHs are mainly bound to particulate matter. Organic matter can be condensed to form particles either via nucleation-condensation or via condensation on existing particles. Organic matter is present as different particle types with various morphologies (Holoubek, 1996; Ravindra et al, 2008; Lisouza et al, 2013; Torvela et al, 2014; Mikuška et al, 2015; Tiwari et al, 2015)
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