Abstract
This paper presents an analysis that frames the impact of various smart grid technologies, with an objective to provide a transparent framework for residential smart grid demonstration projects based on predefined and clearly formulated key performance indicators. The analysis inspects measured energy data of 217 households from three smart grid pilot projects in the Netherlands and a public dataset with smart meter data from 70 households as a reference. The datasets were evaluated for one year and compared to provide insights on technologies and other differences based on seven key performance indicators, giving a comprehensive overview: monthly electricity consumption (100–600 kWh) and production (4–200 kWh); annually imported (3.1–4.5 MWh) and exported (0.2–1 MWh) electricity; residual load; peak of imported (4.8–6.8 kW) and exported (0.3–2.2 kW) electricity; import simultaneity (20–70.5%); feed in simultaneity (75–89%); self-sufficiency (18–20%); and self-consumption (50–70%). It was found that the electrification of heating systems in buildings by using heat pumps leads to an increase of annual electricity consumption and peak loads of approximately 30% compared to the average Dutch households without heat pumps. Moreover, these peaks have a high degree of simultaneity. To increase both the self-sufficiency and self-consumption of households, further investigations will be required to optimize smart grid systems.
Highlights
Energy transitions are gaining momentum with the digitalization of power systems and the use of smart grid technologies, which enable various possibilities to efficiently integrate renewable energy sources within the residential sector
For the month of July, the PV generation even matches the total consumption in the Jouw Energie Moment (JEM)-Meulenspie pilot
As the electricity demand of heat pumps is highly dependent on the ambient temperature, these systems could exhibit a high simultaneity in demand, and if not well managed, this simultaneity might result in peak demand at the same time, and in a high load of transformers in some extreme scenarios, even though such circumstances did not occur during the investigated time period
Summary
Energy transitions are gaining momentum with the digitalization of power systems and the use of smart grid technologies, which enable various possibilities to efficiently integrate renewable energy sources within the residential sector. Various benefits were highlighted: empowering consumers to directly control and manage consumption patterns [2,3], enabling time-dependent electricity prices, providing more cost-efficient energy use, enhancing security of the grid [4,5] enabling integration of renewable energy [6] and electric vehicles (EV) [7], boosting future competitiveness and technological leadership, and providing a platform for the development of innovative energy services from individual users and through aggregator companies [8,9,10] The translation of these theoretical benefits towards practical applications has led to the implementation of many smart grid pilots within the EU [11]. To the end-users (prosumers) in residential smart grid pilots [27,28] These key energy performance indicators can be used to determine and quantify various aspects, namely, seasonal effects, extreme conditions during peak times and necessary import capacity and the degree of integration of renewable energy sources [26,29,30].
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