Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the swimming hydrodynamics assessed with experimental and analytical procedures, as well as, to learn about the relative contributions of the friction drag and pressure drag to total passive drag. Sixty young talented swimmers (30 boys and 30 girls with 13.59±0.77 and 12.61±0.07 years-old, respectively) were assessed. Passive drag was assessed with inverse dynamics of the gliding decay speed. The theoretical modeling included a set of analytical procedures based on naval architecture adapted to human swimming. Linear regression models between experimental and analytical procedures showed a high correlation for both passive drag (Dp = 0.777*Df+pr; R2 = 0.90; R2 a = 0.90; SEE = 8.528; P<0.001) and passive drag coefficient (CDp = 1.918*CDf+pr; R2 = 0.96; R2 a = 0.96; SEE = 0.029; P<0.001). On average the difference between methods was -7.002N (95%CI: -40.480; 26.475) for the passive drag and 0.127 (95%CI: 0.007; 0.247) for the passive drag coefficient. The partial contribution of friction drag and pressure drag to total passive drag was 14.12±9.33% and 85.88±9.33%, respectively. As a conclusion, there is a strong relationship between the passive drag and passive drag coefficient assessed with experimental and analytical procedures. The analytical method is a novel, feasible and valid way to gather insight about one’s passive drag during training and competition. Analytical methods can be selected not only to perform race analysis during official competitions but also to monitor the swimmer’s status on regular basis during training sessions without disrupting or time-consuming procedures.
Highlights
Human swimming is a major topic of research for biomechanists and sport scientists
Variability is higher for the hydrodynamic profile than the anthropometric traits
Newton at the 1957 Meeting of the International Towing Tank Commission (ITTC) held in Madrid. It is the most popular method in naval architecture to estimate the friction drag, probably because it agrees with Schoenherr line at Re > 107
Summary
Human swimming is a major topic of research for biomechanists and sport scientists. Water, being such a challenging and “unnatural" environment for humans, makes this a very excitingPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0130868 July 24, 2015Human Hydrodynamics research topic. Human swimming is a major topic of research for biomechanists and sport scientists. Water, being such a challenging and “unnatural" environment for humans, makes this a very exciting. Swimmers, coaches, and sports analysts are keen to have deeper insights about the determinant factors that may affect their performances. The swimmer’s hydrodynamic profile is one of the main biomechanical factors that determine performance. The core of a hydrodynamic analysis is the measurement of the drag force [2]. Researchers put much effort to develop and validate procedures to measure or estimate the drag force acting upon a swimmer [3,4]. The drag force is an external force applied to the swimmer and has a direction opposite to his displacement: D
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