Abstract
The metabolic disease Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) is caused by a reduction in the production of pancreatic insulin, which causes chronic hyperglycemia. Patients with DM1 are required to perform multiple blood glucose measurements on a daily basis to monitor their blood glucose dynamics through the use of capillary glucometers. In more recent times, technological developments have led to the development of cutting-edge biosensors and Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems that can monitor patients’ blood glucose levels on a real-time basis. This offers medical providers access to glucose oscillations modeling interventions that can enhance DM1 treatment and management approaches through the use of novel disruptive technologies, such as Cloud Computing (CC), big data, Intelligent Data Analysis (IDA) and the Internet of Things (IoT). This work applies some advanced modeling techniques to a complete data set of glycemia-related biomedical features—obtained through an extensive, passive monitoring campaign undertaken with 25 DM1 patients under real-world conditions—in order to model glucose level dynamics through the proper identification of patterns. Hereby, four methods, which are run through CC due to the high volume of data collected, are applied and compared within an IoT context. The results show that Bayesian Regularized Neural Networks (BRNN) offer the best performance (0.83 R2) with a reduced Root Median Squared Error (RMSE) of 14.03 mg/dL.
Highlights
High blood sugar levels as a consequence of the body lacking the capability to make or to use insulin, or both, is the key feature of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) disease
Sci. 2020, 10, 4381 cells are offered by the pancreas, which is affected by high glucose levels so that insulin is produced, and works to decrease hyperglycemia by being a robust hormone [1]
The Root Median Squared Error (RMSE) formulation appears in Equation (1)
Summary
High blood sugar levels as a consequence of the body lacking the capability to make or to use insulin, or both, is the key feature of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) disease. Sci. 2020, 10, 4381 cells are offered by the pancreas, which is affected by high glucose levels so that insulin is produced, and works to decrease hyperglycemia by being a robust hormone [1]. Such control is not achievable with DM1, as this is an auto-immune disease that leads to the body extinguishing the vital insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Viewed in this context, DM1 can be judged as the most aggressive type of diabetes. Individuals with DM1 are unable to produce insulin so they must either employ an insulin pump or inject exogenously so that glucose levels are controlled
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