A comparison of anxiety symptoms and correlates of anxiety in people with progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

Abstract

BackgroundAnxiety appears to be more prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) than in the general population, though it is unclear if anxiety varies by MS disease course. There are experiences unique to each disease course that might increase the likelihood of anxiety. Additionally, the majority of research in MS has focused on people with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), while the experiences of people with progressive forms of MS are understudied. This study examined anxiety in people with progressive MS (PMS) and examined group differences in anxiety compared to people with RRMS, and assessed unique and common correlates of anxiety in people with PMS and RRMS. MethodsSecondary analysis of data from the fourth survey in a longitudinal study of quality of life in people with physical disabilities. The current study included a subset of participants with MS. Anxiety level was measured by the 4-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System – Anxiety Short Form T-score. T-test and chi-square analyses were used to compare groups. Correlates of anxiety were tested by examining the interaction of MS subtype (PMS and RRMS) and each potential correlate in multiple regression models with bootstrapping. ResultsParticipants were 464 adults with MS (PMS n = 183; RRMS n = 281) who were predominately female, non-Hispanic white, and not employed with a mean age of 56.9 ± 10.3 years and disease duration of 17.5 ± 9.3 years. On average, participants with PMS reported anxiety symptoms (50.6 ± 8.6) that were comparable to those in the United States general population and statistically lower than participants with RRMS (52.8 ± 9.5; p = .01). Across MS courses, common factors associated with greater anxiety symptoms were shorter disease duration, lower household income, greater speech and/or swallowing problems, and current smoking (tobacco), adjusted R2 = .19, F(4, 391) = 22.68, p < .001. There was no evidence of unique correlates of anxiety symptoms in participants with either MS course. ConclusionsIn this community sample, people with MS, regardless of disease course, reported similar levels of anxiety to the United States general population. This is inconsistent with prior literature that largely involves clinical samples, suggesting a need for further research with community samples of individuals with MS. This discrepancy may also be due to measurement differences between studies (e.g., screen versus symptom measures). Participants with RRMS reported greater average anxiety compared to those with PMS. This statistically significant difference was small and not clinically significant, indicating the need for further examination and replication. Overall, the findings highlight the wide heterogeneity of anxiety presentation within people with MS and identify potential factors to improve conceptualization and treatment of anxiety in this population. Further research is needed with community and clinical samples to understand anxiety in MS as well as risk and protective factors to improve conceptualization and treatment of anxiety in this population.