A comparison between phantom breast syndrome and phantom limb: A systematic review

Abstract

Phantom Breast Syndrome (PBS) is a post mastectomy condition in which patients experience both non painful sensations as well as phantom breast pain in the area of the amputated breast. Studies into phantom breast arose decades after the term “phantom limb” was introduced. However, the aetiology of the phantom phenomenon is yet to be fully understood. Furthermore, there are fewer documented cases and researches done into PBS in comparison with phantom limb. PBS and phantom limb are believed to develop under the same neurological basis; however, differences exist. For instance, the concept of proprioception is proposed as a possible contribution to phantom pain, incorporated into the mirror box therapy used to treat phantom limb, was proven effective, based on various studies. This review, draws comparison between Phantom Limb and PBS and also aims at highlighting the proposed causes to phantom phenomenon, the risk factors and possible treatment of PBS in breast cancer patients. The PRISMA methodology was implemented; random articles were evaluated, drawn from electronic databases such as PUBMED, Scopus, MEDLINE, HINARI, EBSCO, Science Direct and Google Scholar. In conclusion, there is limited studies into PBS in relation to phantom limb and thus questions arise which evoke curiosity. Is it possible that PBS is the key to unlocking the mystery to the phantom phenomenon? Does PBS have an effect on post-mastectomy recovery and breast cancer prognosis? If so, PBS deems worthy of further research as there is a rising global cancer epidemic.