Abstract
IntroductionFor successful intramedullary implant placement at the femur, such as nailing in unstable proximal femur fractures, the use of an implant that at least reaches or exceeds the femoral isthmus and yields sufficient thickness is recommended. A number of complications after intramedullary femoral nailing have been reported, particularly in Asians. To understand the anatomical features of the proximal femur and their ethnic differences, we aimed to accurately calculate the femoral isthmus dimensions and proximal distance of Asians and Caucasians.MethodsIn total, 1189 Asian and Caucasian segmented 3D CT data sets of femurs were analyzed. The individual femoral isthmus diameter was precisely computed to investigate whether gender, femur length, age, ethnicity or body mass index have an influence on isthmus diameters.ResultsThe mean isthmus diameter of all femurs was 10.71 ± 2.2 mm. A significantly larger diameter was found in Asians when compared to Caucasians (p < 0.001). Age was a strong predictor of the isthmus diameter variability in females (p < 0.001, adjusted r2 = 0.299). With every year of life, the isthmus showed a widening of 0.08 mm in women. A Matched Pair Analysis of 150 female femurs showed a significant difference between isthmus diameter in Asian and Caucasian femurs (p = 0.05). In 50% of the cases the isthmus was found in a range of 2.4 cm between 16.9 and 19.3 cm distal to the tip of the greater trochanter. The female Asian femur differs from Caucasians as it is wider at the isthmus.ConclusionsIn absolute values, the proximal isthmus distance did not show much variation but is more proximal in Asians. The detailed data presented may be helpful in the development of future implant designs. The length and thickness of future standard implants may be considered based on the findings.
Highlights
For successful intramedullary implant placement at the femur, such as nailing in unstable proximal femur fractures, the use of an implant that at least reaches or exceeds the femoral isthmus and yields sufficient thickness is recom‐ mended
To the femoral torsion and antecurvation, the localization and dimension of the femoral isthmus is another detail that is important for the anchorage and stabili‐ zation of intramedullary implants [1,2,3]
As early as in 1914, Parsons described in his paper “The Characters of the English ThighBone” the femoral anatomy using analogue measurements and drawings [5]
Summary
For successful intramedullary implant placement at the femur, such as nailing in unstable proximal femur fractures, the use of an implant that at least reaches or exceeds the femoral isthmus and yields sufficient thickness is recom‐ mended. To understand the anatomical features of the proximal femur and their ethnic differences, we aimed to accurately calculate the femoral isthmus dimensions and proximal distance of Asians and Caucasians. The technical progress allows 3D imaging and automated measurements to be used With such novel technology, the femur itself has been studied already to investigate its accurate caput-collum angle [2], anterior cur‐ vature [9] and three-dimensional modelling of the femoral canal and simulation of the right nail entry point [10]. We present a study on 1189 computed tomography (CT) datasets originating from Asians and Cau‐ casians femurs The purpose of this investigation is the exact definition of anatomical properties of the femoral isthmus in this large cohort. We hypothesize that there are different femoral isthmus dimensions between Asians and Caucasians
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