Abstract

์ตœ๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ฒญ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ, ์‹œํ–‰์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ„ โ€œ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์น™โ€์—๋Š” โ€œ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ์›์น™โ€์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๋žœ๋“œ๋งˆํฌ ํŒ๋ก€์ธ Tennessee v. Garner, Graham v. Connor๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •๋ฆฝ๋œ โ€œ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ์›์น™โ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์€ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์žฅ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ํ˜„์žฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ•์„ฑ, ๊ธ‰๋ฐ•์„ฑ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ œํ•œ์  ๋ฉด์ฑ…์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ƒ‰์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์„ ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ โ€œ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ์›์น™โ€์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ ๋ฒ•์„ฑ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์›๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŒ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ โ€œ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ์›์น™โ€์˜ ๋„์ž… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•์›์ด ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜๋ฉฐ, โ€œ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฐฐ์ƒ๋ฒ•โ€ ์ƒ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ณผ์‹ค๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์‹œ์—๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ํ˜„์žฅ์˜ ๊ธ‰๋ฐ•์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„ํ•ด์˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธด๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋˜๋Š” ์ „๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋น„๋ก ์‚ฌํ›„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ณผ์ž‰ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฐฐ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์‹ค ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌํŒ๋ก€๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— โ€œ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ค€โ€์ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” โ€œ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ค€โ€์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ต์œกยทํ›ˆ๋ จ์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํŽธ ๋“ฑ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ œ์•ˆ๋„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.The new police use of force guidelines in the Korean Police Agency includes โ€œobjective reasonableness standardโ€ for the first time in the history of Korean policing. Originally, โ€œobjective reasonableness standardโ€ established by a series of the U.S. Supreme Courtโ€™s landmark decisions including Tennessee v. Garner and Graham v. Connor guide police officers regarding proper use of force by mandating them to consider the totality of the circumstances. In particular, โ€œobjective reasonableness standardโ€ allows the possibility of committing objectively reasonable mistakes about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation when the circumstances are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving, which exempts officers from civil liability under Section 1983. Nevertheless, โ€œobjective reasonableness standardโ€ has not been officially adopted for the judicial review in Korea. In an effort to introduce โ€œobjective reasonableness standardโ€ in the Korean legal system, the current study examined the police legal liability related to use of force in both Korea and the United States. Upon analysis, the present found that the two countries are using almost identical elements in deciding police use of force legal liability. Furthermore, the Supreme Court of Korea has acknowledged the urgency in police use of force situations, exempting police officers from legal liability in several use of excessive force cases. Finally, the current study proposed several policy implications that may contribute to the adoption of โ€œobjective reasonableness standardโ€ in Korea.

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