Abstract
Populations of different ethnicities may present different movement capacities and muscular function adaptations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of motion and loading in the lower extremity during dynamic deep squats between Asian and Caucasian individuals using OpenSim modelling technique with a customized squat-specific musculoskeletal model. Twenty-four participants joined the test performing the step-squat test, with right foot stepping side, squatting, and returning. The one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping package was used for statistical analysis. The main findings of the current study were as follows: (1) significant lower squat depth was observed in the Asian individuals, (2) the greater knee range of motion and contact forces were found in the Asian individuals, and (3) the greater ankle contact forces in the Caucasian individuals were notable while performing the deep squat compared to the Asian group. Knowledge found in the current study may provide implication for exercise practitioners and physiotherapists while designing schemes for the prevention of loading accumulation in the lower extremity.
Highlights
Squat is a motion practiced with synchronous ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion, and hip flexion
This study presented a comparative investigation on the joint angles, moments, and contact forces in the lower extremity of the Asian and Caucasian individuals while performing the deep squat
A customized squat-specific musculoskeletal model was employed for the analyses, and the validation was performed via comparing the results of the current study to this model developer [16], previous squatting studies [6, 9, 24, 25], and OpenSim-estimated activation against EMG measured activities (Figure 2)
Summary
Squat is a motion practiced with synchronous ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion, and hip flexion. It is a basic movement while performing functional activities in daily life, exercise training, or working environment. The squat movement was considered an effective practice to strengthen the musculature of the lower extremity and trunk for the activation and coordination of a human motor system to maintain balance and stability. It has been extensively applied in clinical assessments [6] and even in microgravity conditions [7]. Recent studies defined knee flexion around 120~130° as a deep squat [12, 13] aiming at quantifying knee loading and developing potential assistive devices for external support force of the knee joint
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