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Abstract
A comparative study on the in vitro osteogenic potential of electrospun poly-L-lactide/hydroxyapatite/collagen (PLLA/HA/Col, PLLA/HA, and PLLA/Col) scaffolds was conducted. The morphology, chemical composition, and surface roughness of the fibrous scaffolds were examined. Furthermore, cell attachment, distribution, morphology, mineralization, extracellular matrix protein localization, and gene expression of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) differentiated on the fibrous scaffolds PLLA/Col/HA, PLLA/Col, and PLLA/HA were also analyzed. The electrospun scaffolds with a diameter of 200–950 nm demonstrated well-formed interconnected fibrous network structure, which supported the growth of hMSCs. When compared with PLLA/H%A and PLLA/Col scaffolds, PLLA/Col/HA scaffolds presented a higher density of viable cells and significant upregulation of genes associated with osteogenic lineage, which were achieved without the use of specific medium or growth factors. These results were supported by the elevated levels of calcium, osteocalcin, and mineralization (P<0.05) observed at different time points (0, 7, 14, and 21 days). Furthermore, electron microscopic observations and fibronectin localization revealed that PLLA/Col/HA scaffolds exhibited superior osteoinductivity, when compared with PLLA/Col or PLLA/HA scaffolds. These findings indicated that the fibrous structure and synergistic action of Col and nano-HA with high-molecular-weight PLLA played a vital role in inducing osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. The data obtained in this study demonstrated that the developed fibrous PLLA/Col/HA biocomposite scaffold may be supportive for stem cell based therapies for bone repair, when compared with the other two scaffolds.
Highlights
Biomaterials are revolutionizing many aspects of preventive and therapeutic healthcare, having roles in areas such as tissue engineering [1]
It has been reported that increased polarity of the materials facilitates formation of electrospun fibers with smaller diameters, which could provide an environment similar to extra cellular matrix (ECM) for cell signaling and nutrient exchange [10]
Elemental analysis of the poly L-lactic acid (PLLA)/collagen I (Col)/HA and PLLA/HA scaffolds confirmed the presence of elements such as Ca, O, Ni, and Au, whereas Ca was not observed in PLLA/Col scaffold (Figures 1A, B, and C)
Summary
Biomaterials are revolutionizing many aspects of preventive and therapeutic healthcare, having roles in areas such as tissue engineering [1]. An ideal biocomposite scaffold should mimic bone extra cellular matrix (ECM) in terms of chemical composition and physiological environment in order for the cells to get attached, proliferate, and differentiate preferably without supplementation of specific growth factors, which is best demonstrated using in vivo models [3]. For this material to be tested in vivo, its matrix must be biologically compatible. A combination of biomaterials, such as collagen and HA, in appropriate ratio with PLLA to form a biocompatible scaffold could be a better strategy to overcome some major concerns such as compatibility and cellular differentiation of multipotent stem cells
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