A Comparative Study of Word Orders in the Law Code of Hammurabi and the Book of Covenant

Abstract

The article examines how words are arranged in twenty-nine laws of the law code of Hammurabi and Exodus 21:2-22:16 through a comparative study to argue that these words are arranged to reflect Babylonian and Israelite theologies. The words are arranged in the Law Code of Hammurabi to reflect the distinction of social classes in Babylonian society. The awῑlum is rated highest, followed by muškênum and followed by wardum-amtum. As for the Book of the Covenant, the words are arranged to reflect the high value placed on human life in Israelite society. The laws do not discriminate in terms of social class. They express a great concern for the rights of the less privileged and encourage human good treatment. Thus, the conclusion is that there exists a relationship between the Book of the Covenant and the law code of Hammurabi and this relationship can be said to be moderate. The Book of the Covenant can be said to be a translation and adaptation of the law code of Hammurabi or any other ancient law code. Therefore, syntax is of great significance in the study of the ancient law codes because it helps to understand the content of these law codes. This article contributes to the study of the ancient law codes. Key Words: The Book of the Covenant, The Law Code of Hammurabi, Word Order, Exodus 21:2-22:16