A Comparative Study of Waste Cooking Oil Recycling Programs in Bogor and Niigata Cities and GHG Emission Reduction by Recycling

Abstract

In indonesia, a substantial waste cooking oil from households is being disposed to drainage and soil, according to the recent survey conducted in bogor, causing environmental damages of water and soil pollutions, as well as increase in ghg emission. in urban areas of Japan, waste cooking oil is mostly being solidified and disposed as incinerating waste, whereas in local areas, it is being disposed into drainage and causing sewage system deterioration. The waste cooking oil recycling programs conducted by Bogor and Niigata cities were reviewed highlighting environmental and economical issues. Similarities were found, in total waste cooking oil amounts collected, and the 60% ratio of total recycled bio diesel fuel for their vehicle operations. Life cycle impacts in GHG emission of cooking oil were estimated using operationaldata of a factory as well as reported data of LCA studies. The environmental advantage of the waste cooking oil recycling, compared with the drainage and soil disposals as well as the complete use, did not necessarily encourage the recycling activities, due to economical and technical constraints, the latter case in the Bogor City seems to be easily overcome, than the issues of high labour costs in Japan. Keywords-GHG emission; waste cooking oil; recycled energy; bio diesel fuel; life cycle impacts; LCA. I. REVIEW OF CURRENT WASTE COOKING OIL DISPOSALS AND RECYCLING Comparison of current waste cooking oil disposals and recycling between Indonesia and Japan in social, environmental issues and legislation were made as in Table 1. In Indonesia, most of households’ waste cooking oil (hereafter WCO) is being disposed to either drainage or soil (being reported in Chapter 3), causing substantial drainage and edaphic pollution, where the sewage system has not been established in the nation, as well as high quantity GHG emission from the disposals to the environments. The latter is the environmental impact at the last life cycle of cooking oil, whereas the nation is the third largest GHG emission country in the world, the most of GHG emissions are derived from deforestation and land use changes, which is closely related to farming activities of palm oil production [1]. It is cited that in Indonesia, most of small business WCO, from such cassava chips, fish crackers and deep fried Tofu manufacturers, is being sold to street food shops and snack vendors for the complete use, causing concern over human health risks (citation made by BPLH, Kota Bogor). In Japan, most of residents in urban cities are solidifying WCO and disposing as incinerating waste, wasting valuable recyclable energy source. In local areas, the disposal of WCO to drainage is commonly practiced casing deterioration in sewage system, as shown in Table 1. It is commonly understood that WCO recycling is a good practice to the environment but not economically matched, due to the high labour costs for collection, transportation and recycling processes in Japan. There are two national and corresponding regional acts in Japan, related to waste disposals. The Water Pollution Prevention Act guides adequate waste of cooking trash and waste cooking oil, as well as right use of detergents to preserve the public water sources, without any specific penalty. On the other hand, the Waste Management Act actively prohibits disposal of waste including waste oil, without good management and control, with severe penalties of less than five year imprisonment or 10,000,000 JPY fine, when the Act is broken. The latter one is especially effective to prevent industrial waste disposals, and the governance of industrial companies in waste management is at high in the nation. II. PUBLIC WCO RECYCLING BUSINESSES IN BOGOR