Abstract
Introduction: This study aims to compare the characteristics and outcomes of the first and second waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hemodialysis (HD) patients.Method: We compared the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and outcomes of a cohort of HD patients who contracted COVID-19 in our HD center during the first wave from May 2020 to September 2020 and the second wave from November 2020 to February 2021.Results: A total of 50 (11.8%) of 423 patients during the first wave and 46 (10.5%) of 437 patients during the second wave contracted COVID-19. The median age was 59.5 ± 9.99 years (first wave) and 60.3 ± 13.02 years (second wave). Most patients developed the mild disease. Patients requiring hospitalization (22% vs. 32.6%) and mechanical ventilation (10% vs. 17.4%) were more in the second wave. The most common symptom was fever (82% and 63%) in both waves. Patchy bilateral opacity was the most common radiological finding. Major complications including lymphocytopenia (36% and 63%), pneumonia (28% and 32.6%), thrombocytopenia (30% and 17.4%), and septic shock (6% and 10.9%) were shared. Ten (20%) patients died in the first wave and 13 (28.3%) in the second wave. Patients aged > 60 years had more severe disease and died more than patients aged < 60 years in both waves.Conclusion: There is a high susceptibility and mortality of HD patients in both the first and second waves of COVID-19 as compared to the general population. Disease symptoms, radiological findings, and laboratory tests were similar in both waves. Patients developing critical disease and requiring hospitalization and mechanical ventilation were more in the second wave.
Highlights
This study aims to compare the characteristics and outcomes of the first and second waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hemodialysis (HD) patients
The major cause of chronic kidney disease was diabetes mellitus (DM) in 22 (44%) patients followed by hypertension (HTN) in 11 (22%) patients in the first wave and unknown cause in 18 (39.1%) patients followed by DM in eight (17.4%) patients in the second wave
The most common comorbidities were similar in both waves, HTN being 94% vs. 91.3% followed by diabetes (44% vs. 52.2%) and coronary artery disease (CAD) (36% vs. 23.9%)
Summary
This study aims to compare the characteristics and outcomes of the first and second waves of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The sudden emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic raised serious health threats globally with devastating outcomes. Unavailability of specific antivirals or vaccines even till the emergence of the second wave necessitated non-pharmaceutical interventions as the benchmark in restricting the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With the gradual easing of the lockdown and opening of many social, political, religious, and regular business activities, the number of COVID-19 cases started climbing again, and in Pakistan, the government announced a second wave of COVID-19 on October 28, 2020 [5]. The data released by the National Command and Operation Centre (NCOC) indicated that the percent positivity rate and death rate of the second wave were higher than that of the first wave [1,6]
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