Abstract
The toxicity of 1-, 5-, 10- and 14-day-old residues of azadirachtin (5 and 10 ml/lw), spinosad (2 and 4 ml/lw) and avermectin (2 and 4 ml/lw) on tomato plants was evaluated against foliage-inhabiting life stages of Liriomyza sativae Blanchard in air-conditioned rearing rooms and greenhouses in central Thailand (Bangkok). Azadirachtin and spinosad caused no deterrent or ovicidal effects and the hatching rates of eggs were not different from control (water) treatments. Irrespective of applied dosage, avermectin severely reduced egg deposition and affected embryonic development. All three pesticides severely affected the survival of immature stages (i.e. L1, L2 and L3) of L. sativae, with mortality rates up to 100% for fresh (1 day old) residues and adult eclosion completely stopped. Spinosad and avermectin had a longer persistency (up to 14 days) both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions compared to Azadirachtin, the activity of which decreased significantly with residual age and especially under greenhouse conditions.
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