A Comparative Study of Filter Water and Bore Water Samples for Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform

Abstract

Background: Despite comprising a large portion of the Earth's surface, accessible fresh water is limited, and its quality is critical to human health. In many regions, particularly in developing countries, the availability of uncontaminated drinking water remains a significant concern. Previous studies have highlighted the prevalence of waterborne pathogens in such water supplies, leading to a considerable public health burden. Objective: This study aimed to assess fecal contamination in bore and filter water samples by quantifying total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and total viable counts, and to compare these findings with established health standards. Methods: A total of 50 water samples were collected from rural and urban settings in Islamabad, with 25 samples each from bore wells and filter water plants. Samples were collected, processed, and analyzed using Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to ensure the integrity of results. Bacteriological analyses were conducted using Most Probable Number (MPN) tests, along with Peptone water tests for Enterobacteriaceae analysis. Physical analysis included evaluation of appearance, color, and odor. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Analysis revealed that 54% of water samples were satisfactory, with filter water (76%) exhibiting better quality than bore water (32%). Unsanitary samples accounted for 46%, with bore water constituting the majority of this group (68%). Bore water samples showed a 68% prevalence of total coliforms and 44% for fecal coliforms. Filter water samples were lower, with 24% for total coliforms and 20% for fecal coliforms. The total viable count was 68% in bore water and 24% in filter water. Conclusion: The study highlighted a critical public health issue with a substantial portion of bore water samples being contaminated, underscoring the need for urgent improvements in water treatment and public health infrastructure to prevent waterborne diseases.