Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating effective methods for breaking the hard and insoluble spores of Ganoderma lucidum to recover functional biomolecules. Rupture techniques were evaluated such as manual maceration (RM), maceration with spheres of various materials (BR), and microwave exposure plus maceration with steel/chrome spheres (MBR1). Spore rupture was evaluated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, which showed vibrations of 2955, 1642, 1240, 1080 and 1746 cm-1 corresponding to changes in spore walls. The MBR1 extract contained the largest amounts of carbohydrates (19.80 mg.g-1 spores) and polyphenols (2.21 mg.g-1 spores), whereas the BR extract had higher antioxidant activity (57.22%Inb DPPH). The MBR1 and BR extracts contained 62.2 and 73.5% glucose, respectively. Both methods also involved significant extraction of carbohydrates and proteins. The best way to extract biomolecules from spore walls is to perform a microwave heat treatment and break the walls with steel/chrome spheres; this produces large quantities of carbohydrates with antioxidant properties.
Highlights
Extraction methods for the recovery of polysaccharides and lipids from Ganoderma lucidum have been of growing interest because this mushroom contains active biomolecules that treat several diseases, such as arthritis, bronchitis, gastric ulcers, hyperglycemia, insomnia, nephritis, inflammatory diseases, and cancer [1, 2]
The spores of this Basidiomycota fungus, which belongs to the Ganodermataceae family [4], have a ductile structure; this property makes them resistant, and they are considered one of the hardest structures to break in nature [6, 7, 8]
Manual maceration of G. lucidum spores produced no visible breakage when evaluated by optical microscopy (400×)
Summary
Extraction methods for the recovery of polysaccharides and lipids from Ganoderma lucidum have been of growing interest because this mushroom contains active biomolecules that treat several diseases, such as arthritis, bronchitis, gastric ulcers, hyperglycemia, insomnia, nephritis, inflammatory diseases, and cancer [1, 2]. G. lucidum is known in traditional Chinese medicine and has been used in the form of extracts and spores for various medical treatments The spores of this Basidiomycota fungus, which belongs to the Ganodermataceae family [4], have a ductile structure; this property makes them resistant, and they are considered one of the hardest structures to break in nature [6, 7, 8]. According to several studies on the breaking and description of biomolecules derived from G. lucidum spores, mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic breaking can produce variations in the release of compounds. Such variations are not well known in the literature. The best isolated and combined spore-breaking techniques were evaluated by comparing the extracted proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and antioxidant activity using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and chemical characterization techniques
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