A Comparative Study of Behaviour, Breeding and Conservation Status of Species of Sparrows Found in India: A Review

Abstract

Sparrows (Passeridae) are small passerines found in human-modified environments worldwide. This review examines the behavior, breeding patterns, and conservation status of three sparrow species in India: House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus), and Chestnut-shouldered Petronia (Petronia xanthocollis). These species exhibit unique ecological niches and behaviors, from urban adaptability in House Sparrows to arboreal tendencies in Eurasian Tree Sparrows and sociable behaviors in Chestnut-shouldered Petronias. Sparrows face significant conservation challenges due to habitat loss, pollution, climate change, and urbanization. House Sparrows and Eurasian Tree Sparrows, although globally classified as "Least Concern," experience regional declines. Chestnut- shouldered Petronias are impacted by habitat fragmentation and degradation. Conservation efforts in India include nest box installations, public education, habitat restoration, and policy advocacy. The primary factors contributing to sparrow population declines are habitat degradation and reduced food availability, exacerbated by pollution and climate change. Effective conservation requires a holistic approach, integrating habitat preservation, pollution control, and community engagement. Continuous monitoring and adaptive management strategies are essential to mitigate these threats and ensure the long-term survival of sparrows, underscoring their ecological and cultural importance. Collaborative efforts among researchers, conservationists, and policymakers are crucial to safeguarding these species and their habitats.