A comparative study between in vivo bone ingrowth and in vitro apatite formation on Na 2O–CaO–SiO 2 glasses

Abstract

This study compared in vivo bioactivity with the in vitro apatite-forming ability of biomaterials. Granules of five kinds of P 2O 5-free Na 2O–CaO–SiO 2 glasses, showing different apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid (SBF), were implanted into a defect on the femoral condyle of rabbits. Bone ingrowth was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy among five kinds of glasses at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 weeks. Quantitative analysis was performed measuring the depth of new bone ingrowth from the periphery. In addition, the total areas of newly formed bone among glass particles were examined at 3 and 6 weeks using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after weekly administration of fluorescent calcein. The depth of bone ingrowth among glass particles increased in proportion to their apatite-forming ability in vitro. The CLSM study showed a correlation between the quantities of labeled newly formed bone and in vitro apatite-forming ability. In the P 2O 5-free Na 2O–CaO–SiO 2 glasses, the periods within 3–6 days for inducing apatite in SBF considered a necessary condition to convey bioactivity in vivo, and in vivo evaluations at 2–3 weeks is important to determine this. The in vivo bioactivity was precisely reproduced by apatite-forming ability in SBF. Therefore, evaluating apatite formation in SBF is a good screening test for the in vivo bioactivity of materials, resulting in reduction of the need for animal sacrifices and savings in experimental time.