Abstract
This paper includes a cradle-to-gate life cycle impact evaluation of gasoline blends in India. The potential environmental impacts of gasoline blends with three major components, i.e., methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol are assessed. The production of methanol from the natural gas reforming process, ethanol from hydrogenation with nitric acid, and n-butanol from the oxo process are considered in the current study. The results show that the gasoline blending with methanol has the lowest impact (11 categories) and is nearly constant from 5 to 15%. For gasoline with ethanol as an additive, the global warming potential, ozone depletion potential, and abiotic depletion potential rise with increasing ethanol addition. Meanwhile, increasing ethanol addition reduces the acidification potential and terrestric ecotoxicity potential impact of gasoline blends. Similarly, gasoline with n-butanol as an additive has higher acidification potential, eutrophication potential, human toxicity potential, terrestric ecotoxicity potential, marine aquatic ecotoxicity potential, and photochemical ozone creation potential compared to methanol and ethanol.
Highlights
India’s energy security has become a critical issue with major concerns about oil and other fossil fuel depletion, environmental issues, reliance on foreign sources, etc
The goal of the current study is to provide an outline of the cradle-to-gate Life cycle assessment (LCA) of different gasoline blending in an Indian context
Most of the researchers reported Global Warming Potential (GWP) for methanol blended gasoline: 0.462 kg CO2 eq.kg-1 CH3OH and which is lower than the present study i.e. 0.832 kg CO2 eq.kg-1 CH3OH (Yadav et al 2020)
Summary
India’s energy security has become a critical issue with major concerns about oil and other fossil fuel depletion, environmental issues (in particular climate change), reliance on foreign sources, etc. Alcohol usage as an oxygenate fuel has the potential to reduce current emissions pollution occurring due to the properties of gasoline and its content (Yusri et al 2017, Surisetty et al 2011). Due to the hydrophilic property of alcohol, it leads to phase separation, which is a major difficulty in alcohol blended fuels, causing operational problems and engine damage. Different blending agents have been reported by researchers to avoid methanol-gasoline phase separation (Karaosmanoglu et al 2000). It has proven scientific records for methanol to blends of M5 to M100 (Sheehy et al 2010, Yuen et al 2010) and ethanol to blends of E5, E10, and E85 (Shirvani et al 2020) where M and E represent the percentage of methanol and ethanol in the blend and remaining is gasoline
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