A comparative evaluation of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol estimation: Machine learning algorithms versus various equations

Abstract

BackgroundGiven the critical importance of Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in determining cardiovascular risk, it is essential to measure LDL-C accurately. Since the Friedewald formula generates incorrect predictions in many circumstances, new equations have been developed to overcome the Friedewald equations' shortcomings. This study aimed to compare estimated LDL-C with directly measured LDL-C (dLDL-C), as well as their performance in predicting LDL-C, utilizing Friedewald, extended Martin–Hopkins, Sampson, de Cordova, and Vujovic formulas and five machine learning (ML) algorithms. MethodsA total of 29,504 samples from the ISLAB-2 Core Laboratory were included in the study. All statistical analysis was performed using R version 4.1.2. Statistical Language. ResultsBayesian-Regularized Neural Network (BRNN) (r = 0.957) and Random Forest (RF) (r = 0.957) algorithms showed a higher correlation with dLDL-C than the other equations in all-testing dataset. All ML algorithms demonstrated less bias than pre-existing LDL-C equations with dLDL-C and outperformed the LDL-C estimation equations in terms of concordance in all-testing dataset. ConclusionsThe results of our research indicate that when compared to conventional equations, ML algorithms are much more effective in predicting LDL-C. ML algorithms, aided by a vast dataset, could have the capability to predict LDL-C levels even in cases where triglyceride levels are high, unlike the limited usage of Friedewald formula.