Abstract
Calendula officinalis L., (marigold), well known for its medicinal properties, has been extensively studied for its therapeutic properties. Nonetheless, as far as the literature could establish, no study has attempted to comparatively assess the biological (antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory potential) of the flowers, leaves, and roots of C. officinalis extracted using conventional (maceration and Soxhlet extraction (SE)) and non-conventional extraction (homogenizer (HAE) and ultrasound (UAE) assisted extraction) techniques. The detailed phytochemical profile of each extract along with the concentration of specific bioactive compounds has also been established. Total phenolic content was highest for the flower extracts while flavonoid content was highest in the leaf extracts. Phytochemical profiling showed that the extraction method influenced the phytochemical composition of the extract. Nicotiflorin was identified in the flower extracts only while amentoflavone occurred only in the roots, inferring that the occurrence of bioactive compounds varies within a plant. The flower extracts showed highest antioxidant potential while the roots extracts were potent inhibitors of cholinesterase and tyrosinase. This study provides valuable data on the influence of extraction techniques on the recovery of bioactive compounds from plants. In an endeavor to scale-up extraction from plant considering the more efficient extraction method is of paramount importance. Moreover, the study highlighted the necessity to thoroughly examine the biological activities of various parts of a plant obtained via different extraction protocols.
Highlights
Plant-derived bioactive compounds have always served a sustainable resource for drug, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical development
Soxhlet, maceration or percolorization are considered as conventional methods
A previous investigation reported that the methanol extract of C. officinalis flower possessed highest phenolic and flavonoid contents as compared to the corresponding leaf extract [22]
Summary
Plant-derived bioactive compounds have always served a sustainable resource for drug, nutraceutical and cosmeceutical development. The first step in this endeavor, is the selection of the best plant part and an appropriate extraction protocol which yields best activity. In this respect, several conventional and non-conventional extraction methods have been designed and used in a plethora of studies. The conventional methods have some disadvantages such as the use of high volume of solvent and long extraction times. In this sense, recently some new and improved techniques have emerged as green or non-conventional extraction techniques
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