Abstract
BackgroundChrysanthemum boreale Makino (Anthemideae, Asteraceae) is a plant of economic, ornamental and medicinal importance. We characterized and compared the chloroplast genomes of three C. boreale strains. These were collected from different geographic regions of Korea and varied in floral morphology.MethodsThe chloroplast genomes were obtained by next-generation sequencing techniques, assembled de novo, annotated, and compared with one another. Phylogenetic analysis placed them within the Anthemideae tribe.ResultsThe sizes of the complete chloroplast genomes of the C. boreale strains were 151,012 bp (strain 121002), 151,098 bp (strain IT232531) and 151,010 bp (strain IT301358). Each genome contained 80 unique protein-coding genes, 4 rRNA genes and 29 tRNA genes. Comparative analyses revealed a high degree of conservation in the overall sequence, gene content, gene order and GC content among the strains. We identified 298 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 106 insertions/deletions (indels) in the chloroplast genomes. These variations were more abundant in non-coding regions than in coding regions. Long dispersed repeats and simple sequence repeats were present in both coding and noncoding regions, with greater frequency in the latter. Regardless of their location, these repeats can be used for molecular marker development. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary relationship of the species in the Anthemideae tribe. The three complete chloroplast genomes will be valuable genetic resources for studying the population genetics and evolutionary relationships of Asteraceae species.
Highlights
The genus Chrysanthemum belongs to the largest Angiosperm family, the Asteraceae (Hirakawa et al, 2019)
We analyzed the cp genomes of three morphologically different C. boreale strains collected from different geographic regions in Korea. We discovered their phylogenetic relationships to other species in the tribe Anthemideae, including Chrysanthemum species
We investigated the position of genes at the junction regions (LSC/IRa, IRa/small single copy (SSC), SSC/IRb and IRb/large single copy (LSC); Fig. 3)
Summary
The genus Chrysanthemum belongs to the largest Angiosperm family, the Asteraceae (Hirakawa et al, 2019). Chrysanthemum species are economically important (Hirakawa et al, 2019) They are valued as cut flowers or potted garden flowers due to the diversity of their morphological traits including color, shape and size of the flower head, ray florets and disc florets (Shinoyama et al, 2012; Song et al, 2018). They are used as medicinal herbs in Korean and Chinese folk medicine (Won, Jung & Kim, 2018) for the. A comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genomes of three Chrysanthemum boreale strains. The three complete chloroplast genomes will be valuable genetic resources for studying the population genetics and evolutionary relationships of Asteraceae species
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