Abstract
BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-wide campaign (CWC) for promoting physical activity in middle-aged and elderly people.MethodsA cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a community as the unit of randomization was performed using a population-based random-sampled evaluation by self-administered questionnaires in the city of Unnan, Shimane Prefecture, Japan. The evaluation sample included 6000 residents aged 40 to 79 years. We randomly allocated nine communities to the intervention group and three to the control group. The intervention was a CWC from 2009 to 2010 to promote physical activity, and it comprised information, education, and support delivery. The primary outcome was a change in engaging in regular aerobic, flexibility, and/or muscle-strengthening activities evaluated at the individual level.ResultsIn total, 4414 residents aged 40–79 years responded to a self-administered questionnaire (73.6% response rate). Awareness of the CWC was 79% in the intervention group. Awareness and knowledge were significantly different between the intervention and control groups, although there were no significant differences in belief and intention. The 1-year CWC did not significantly promote the recommended level of physical activity (adjusted odds ratio: 0.97; 95% confidence interval: 0.84–1.14).ConclusionsThis cluster RCT showed that the CWC did not promote physical activity in 1 year. Significant differences were observed in awareness and knowledge between intervention and control groups as short-term impacts of the campaign.Trial registrationUMIN-CTR UMIN000002683
Highlights
We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-wide campaign (CWC) for promoting physical activity in middle-aged and elderly people
We decided on a target increase of 8% because the area and population sizes were relatively small in this study and the effect of a CWC would be potentially greater within such a community compared with a larger scale CWC. (4)Marketing strategy development
Our results suggest that 1 year should be considered short-term and that more time is needed for CWCs to attain behavior (PA) change in middle-aged and elderly people
Summary
We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-wide campaign (CWC) for promoting physical activity in middle-aged and elderly people. Community-wide interventions involving various campaigns have received broad attention for promoting PA in a wide range of community populations. Such community-wide campaigns (CWC) typically (1) involve many community sectors; (2) include highly visible, broad-based, multi-component strategies; and, (3) may address other cardiovascular disease risk factors [11,12]. A recent review included only one cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT), which focused on adolescents, and concluded that there was a lack of appropriate studies which could show whether this approach is beneficial [22]. The risk of bias, including selection bias in non-randomized studies, in the existing literature might lead to a misunderstanding of effective population strategies. It is desirable to conduct randomized studies to obtain more robust knowledge, and advance the body of public health policy and practices
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